Option value
On the other hand, real option valueis more clearly consolidates the economic analysis of the decision-maker's options. If the real option value is positive, then the decision-maker should delay the decision, while if it is negative, he should decide now.
Option value is the net benefitvalue of delayingbeing able to delay a decision.Within effective altruism, the idea has been used to argue for the importance of reducing existential risk, for deciding what choices effective altruists should make as a community, and for assessing the value of different careers.careers. Option value may also be useful for looking at problems such as differential progress and climate change.
Dixit and Pindyck (1994: 27) gave the simple example of a firm that has the option to invest in a factory that would produce one "widget" per year starting on the year of investment.[1] The current price of the widget is $200. Next year the price of the widget will either rise to $300 or go down to $100 and will stay at that level permanently. The chance of either outcome happening is 50%. The cost of the investment is $1600 and the interest rate is 10%. We find that the net present value (NPV) is equal to:
The term option value has been used in academic literature to describe three similar but distinct effects. To separate these different definitions, they are usually referred to as real option value, quasi-option value, and option value. This entry will focus on real option value and quasi option value. These two concepts are very similar, and at least one scholar has claimed that they are identical (Fisher 2000).identical.[2] The relationship between the two is explored further in the next section.
Real option value - Real option value is defined as the difference between the expected value of an investment when the ability to wait and to resolve uncertainty over time is introduced, and the expected value of the investment according to NPV calculations without the possibility of waiting and investing later. The simple model presented above is an example of a real option value. Formulated by economists Avinash Dixit and Robert Pindyck (1994),Pindyck, real option value is often denoted in the academic literature as OPDP.[3]
Quasi-Option value - quasi-option value is the gain in value obtained by learning new information, conditional on delaying an irreversible development decision. For example, if a decision-maker is deciding whether to preserve or to develop a piece of land, where the future value of preservation is unknown and will be discovered at a later date, the quasi-option value is equal to the value of delaying the decision to develop until after the information pertaining to preservation is discovered. This concept was developed by Arrow and Fisher (1974), Henry (1974)Fisher,[4] Henry,[5] and Hanemann (1989),Hanemann,[6] and is often referred to as OPAFHH.
Option value - Originally developed by B. A. Weisbrod (1964)[7] and expounded upon by Schmalensee (1972), Bishop (1982),Schmalensee,[8] Bishop,[9] and others. This type of option value is usually not given a prefix and is also significantly different than the definition of option value given here. Most notably it requires risk aversion, whereas real and quasi option value do not. Very briefly, this type of option value represents a willingness of consumers to pay a fee to preserve the option to use a service (such as a public park) even though they are likely to never use it.
V∗(d) is the expected value...
As expressed above, real option value and quasi-option value seem to be pointing to a very similar concept, approached from two different angles. We will examine the difference between them in the next section. First, however, I would like to quickly highlight one last type of option value.value will be highlighted.
Option value - Originally developed by B. A. Weisbrod (1964) and expounded upon by Schmalensee (1972), Bishop (1982), and others. This type of option value is usually not given a prefix and is also significantly different than the definition of option value that I have given here. Most notably it requires risk aversion, whereas real and quasi option value do not. Very briefly, this type of option value represents a willingness of consumers to pay a fee to preserve the option to use a service (such as a public park) even though they are likely to never use it.
To keep the introduction simple, Ithis concept will not be addressing this conceptaddressed further. Still, readers should know that there are multiple different definitions with the name option value. While I have usedWhil the term 'option value' has been used without a prefix to define the Weisbrod/Schmalensee approach, other authors often use it to describe the DP or AFHH option value. It is quite common for the term to be used without even being defined, sometimes leaving it unclear, or incorrectly assuming it does not matter which type of option value was intended. Because of this, it is prudent for readers to pay attention to what type of option value is being invoked, and for writers to ensure that they define the term before using it.
Option value is closely related to the value of information (VoI). Value of information, stated simply, is how much a piece of information is worth to a decision-maker were Ihe to discover it. Whereas option value looks at information that will be discovered passively, simply by waiting, value of information deals with information that can be discovered (relatively) instantly, but that Ione must actively expend resources to find.
I worry that this article may be too complex and too detailed for this Wiki. It also doesn't relate that much to discussions within effective altruism. But I don't know exactly what the Wiki's norms and standards with respect to such issues are (I didn't find anything in the Style Guide or the FAQ, but that may be my error) and would defer to the Wiki team.
Option value is the net benefit of delaying a decision.Within effective altruism, the idea has been used to argue for the importance of reducing existential risk, for deciding what choices effective altruists should make as a community, and assessing the value of different careers. Option value may also be useful for looking at problems such as differential progress and climate change.
The idea of option value was adapted from finance, and is heavily used in environmental economics to measure the value of delaying an irreversible decision. It arises as a result of the uncertainty of future costs and benefits, the ability to gain information over time, and the ability to delay a decision. When done in the typical fashion, orthodox cost-benefit analysis ignores the second and last of those three conditions. In more sophisticated applications of cost-benefit analysis, however, consideration of option value allows for a better-optimized decision-making process.
A simple model
Dixit and Pindyck (1994: 27) gave the simple example of a firm that has the option to invest in a factory that would produce one "widget" per year starting on the year of investment. The current price of the widget is $200. Next year the price of the widget will either rise to $300 or go down to $100 and will stay at that level permanently. The chance of either outcome happening is 50%. The cost of the investment is $1600 and the interest rate is 10%. We find that the net present value (NPV) is equal to:
NPV=−1600+200+∞∑t=10.5⋅300+0.5⋅1001.1t=$600.
The NPV is positive and a traditional cost-benefit analysis suggests the firm should invest. A more complex analysis, however, considers not only whether or not to invest, but also considers whether the investment would be better made now, or in the future. In this case, we can consider the option of waiting until next year when the price changes. Our traditional analysis now indicates that in a year, we would invest only if the price rises to $300:
NPV=0.5⋅0+0.5⋅[−16001.1+∞∑t=13001.1t]=$773.
Even though we are now foregoing the current year sale at $200, we find that the NPV is higher if the firm delays the investment decision. Intuitively, we can understand that by ignoring the possibility of delaying the investment and of learning new information by waiting, the original NPV calculation boiled down to a "now or never" decision. In the second calculation, the firm waited and found the NPV to be higher. The option value of this investment decision is:
OV=773−600=$173.
That is, even if delaying the decision creates additional costs, the firm should be willing to pay up to $173 for the ability to delay the investment decision.
Which option value are we talking about?
The term option value has been used in academic literature to describe three similar but...
I asked Lev to turn the post he had written into a Wiki article, which he kindly agreed to do, because I thought it was a very good introduction to the concept of option value. The entry is significant longer than the other articles published so far, and discusses the subject in much greater detail, so it serves as a kind of experiment to test if we want the Wiki to have this kind of focus also for other topics.