Formatting citations can be quite time-consuming. We do not require contributors to format citations properly: you are only asked to provide the minimal details necessary to identify the relevant work, and we will deal with the rest. Alternatively, you can add citations in the appropriate format, without having to format them manually, by using the Wiki's associated Citation Language File, as explained here.

Formatting citations can be quite time-consuming. Currently, we do not require contributors to format citations properly: you are only asked to provide enough details to allow a contractor that we have hired for this purpose to handle the rest. Alternatively, you can add citations in the appropriate format by using the Wiki's associated Citation Language File, as explained here.

As with inline citations, listList all authors of a work if the work has three or fewer authors, and otherwise only list the first author followed by "et al." (in italics and with a period at the end). Use an ampersand (&) to separate the last two authors and otherwise use a comma. Only for the first author should the last name precede the first name.

Separate multipleMultiple references should be separated using individual footnote numbers corresponding to each of  them.

Footnotes should provide the details of the works cited. When possible, specify the relevant page, chapter, or section numbers. When referring to pages, use  abbreviations "p." or "pp." When chapters are being referred to, indicate that by using the abbreviations "ch."/"chs."

See the next section for more precisions about citations formatting .citation formatting.

The sections of the body may be followed, when appropriate, with the sections BibliographyFurther reading, External links and Related entries, in that order. See here and here for examples.

In Jan Naverson's famous dictum, "We are in favor of making people happy, but neutral about making happy people." (Narveson 1973: 80)^[1]

Derek Parfit has expressed a version of this view (Parfit 2017: 436–437):^[2]

External links should only be used in the BibliographyFurther reading and External links sections of the article, and in footnotes, but never in the lead or body sections (see the Organization of articles section).

Citations in a Wiki article have two parts: first, ana inline citationfootnote number that immediately followsnext to the text that is being quoted or referenced; and, second, a bibliographyfootnote where the details of the work cited inline are provided in full.

Inline citationsFootnote numbers

Inline citations indicate sourced text parenthetically, with the last name of the author or authors followed by the year of publication, with no intervening punctuation.

80,000 Hours was called High Impact Careers for a year or so before adopting its current name (MacAskill 2014).

CitationsFootnote numbers should immediately follow the text for which the citation is provided. This is typically a clause, a sentence or a paragraph, or the elements of a range or an enumeration.

In its current form, the technology was first described by Carl Shulman in 2009 (Shulman 2009),2009,^[3] and the idea was further developed in a 2014 paper by Shulman and Nick Bostrom (Shulman & Bostrom 2014).^[4]

Public approval for preimplantation genetic diagnosis for intelligence has been found to range from 13% (Hathaway, Burns & Ostrer 2009: 140)^[5] to 19% (Winkelman et al. 2015: 668)^[6] to 28% (Kalfoglou et al. 2004: 11).

When adding an inline citation for works authored by more than one person, list all the authors if the work has three or fewer authors, and otherwise only list the first author followed by "et al." Use an ampersand (&) to separate the last two authors and otherwise use a comma.

Currently the only existing vaccine is just 35% effective and its use is slightly less cost-effective than that of insecticide treated bed-nets (Gessner, Wraith & Finn 2016).
According to one meta-analysis, each dollar spent on the Scared Straight program had a net social cost of over $200 (Aos et al. 2004).

When possible, specify the relevant page, chapter, or section numbers. This should be done by adding, between the year of publication and the closing parenthesis, a colon followed by a space and the relevant page or chapter numbers. By default, the numbers are assumed to refer to pages, so there is no need to provide an explicit indication, such as p. 5 or pp. 10–12. When chapters are being referred to, indicate that by using the abbreviations "ch."/"chs."

According

When possible, specify the relevant page, chapter, or section numbers. This should be done by adding, between the year of publication and the closing parenthesis, a colon followed by a space and the relevant page or chapter numbers. By default, the numbers are assumed to refer to pages, so there is no need to provide an explicit indication, such as p. 5 or pp. 10–12. When chapters or sections are being referred to, indicate that by using the abbreviations "ch."/"chs.", and "sec."/"secs.", respectively.

Formatting citations can be quite time time-consuming. Currently, we do not require contributors to format citations properly: you are only asked to provide enough details to allow a contractor that we have hired for this purpose to handle the rest. Alternatively, you can add citations in the appropriate format by using the Wiki's associated Citation Language File, as explained here.

The EA Wiki Style Guide should really stop trying to be funny by writing things likeusing examples such as "Steven Pinker encourages the use of logical punctuation [...] 'if you have a temperament that is both logical and rebellious'."

A donation of $1000–2000$3000–5000 to the Against Malaria Foundation can avert the death of a child under five.

When possible, specify the relevant pagepage, chapter, or chaptersection numbers. This should be done by adding, between the year of publication and the closing parenthesis, a colon followed by a space and the relevant page or chapter numbers. By default, the numbers are assumed to refer to pages, so there is no need to provide an explicit indication (i.e., “p. 5” is unnecessary). In contrast, whenindication, such as p. 5 or pp. 10–12. When chapters or sections are being referred to, indicate that by using the abbreviations "ch." (singular)/"chs.", and "chs."sec." (plural)./"secs.", respectively.

This section should include every work cited inline, as well as works especially helpful for users interested in reading further. Below these suggested readings, you may include a sentence summarizing the work's contents. (To add such a line using the editor, without creating an extra space, press Shift + Enter.)

Citations should immediately follow the text for which the citation is provided. This is typically a clause, a sentence or a paragraph, or the elements of a range or an enumeration.

Inline citations indicate sourced text parenthetically, with the last name of the author or authors followed by the year of publication, with no intervening punctuation.

80,000 Hours was called High Impact Careers for a year or so before adopting its current name (MacAskill 2014).

Citations should immediately follow the text for which the citation is provided. This is typically a clause, a sentence or a paragraph, or the elements of a range or enumeration.

In its current form, the technology was first described by Carl Shulman in 2009 (Shulman 2009), and the idea was further developed in a 2014 paper by Shulman and Nick Bostrom (Shulman & Bostrom 2014).

Public approval for preimplantation genetic diagnosis for intelligence has been found to range from 13% (Hathaway, Burns & Ostrer 2009: 140) to 19% (Winkelman et al. 2015: 668) to 28% (Kalfoglou et al. 2004: 11).

When adding an inline citation for works authored by more than one person, list all the authors if the work has three or fewer authors, and otherwise only list the first author followed by "et al." Use an ampersand (&) to separate the last two authors and otherwise use a comma.

Currently the only existing vaccine is just 35% effective and its use is slightly less cost-effective than that of insecticide treated bed-nets (Gessner, Wraith & Finn 2016).
According to one meta-analysis, each dollar spent on the Scared Straight program had a net social cost of over $200 (Aos et al. 2004).

When possible, specify the relevant page or chapter numbers. This should be done by adding, between the year of publication and the closing parenthesis, a colon followed by a space and the relevant page or chapter numbers. By default, the numbers are assumed to refer to pages, so there is no need to provide an explicit indication (i.e., “p. 5” is unnecessary). In contrast, when chapters are being referred to, indicate that by using the abbreviations "ch." (singular) and "chs." (plural).

According to one view in AI strategy, the concept of a decisive strategic advantage discloses an important connection between two seemingly unrelated ideas: those of a fast takeoff and a unipolar outcome (Bostrom 2014: ch. 5).

Separate multiple references within the same inline citation with semicolons.

Cari Tuna read Peter Singer's The Life You Can Save, which introduced her "to the idea of not just trying to do some good with your giving, but doing as much good as you can." (Tuna 2011; Gunther 2018)

Bibliography

This section should include every work cited inline, as well as works especially helpful for users interested in reading further. Below these suggested readings, you may include a sentence summarizing the work's contents. (To add such a line using the editor, without creating an extra space, press Shift + Enter.

Selgelid,

Table of contents

• Organization of articles
  • Titles
  • Sections
  • Section headings
• Tone
• Varieties of English
• Abbreviations
• Emphasis markers
• Quotations
• Punctuation
• Dates and time
  • Dates
  • Time
• Numbers
• Currencies
• Units of measurement
• Mathematical symbols
• Vocabulary
• Links
  • Internal links
  • External links
• Related entries
• Citations
  • Inline citations
  • Bibliography
    • Books
    • Anthologies
    • Theses
    • Papers
    • Websites
    • Magazines
    • Newspapers
    • Book chapters
    • Working papers
    • Reports
    • Interviews
    • Conversations
    • Videos
    • Comments
  • Notes

The termterms 'effective altruism', 'existential risk' and its cognatesother expressions commonly abbreviated in informal discussion should not abbreviatedbe spelled in full and—unless they occur as part of a name—should be spelled in lowercase.

The Centre for Effective Altruism

Criticism of effective altruism

Criticism of EA

The Effective Altruism movement

anthropogenic x-risk

The Centre for Effective Altruism

The Centre for the Study of Existential Risk

• Organization of articles
  • Titles
  • Sections
  • Section headings
• Tone
• Varieties of English
• Abbreviations
• Emphasis markers
• Quotations
• Punctuation
• Dates and time
  • Dates
  • Time
• Numbers
• Currencies
• Units of measurement
• Mathematical symbols
• Vocabulary
• Links
  • Internal links
  • External links
• Related entries
• Citations
  • Inline citations
  • Bibliography
    • Books, anthologies, thesesBooks
    • Anthologies
    • Theses
    • Papers
    • Websites, magazines, newspapersWebsites
    • Magazines
    • Newspapers
    • Book chapters
    • Working papers
    • Reports
    • Interviews
    • Conversations
    • Videos
    • Post commentsComments
  • Notes

Books, anthologies, thesesBooks

Anthologies

Theses

Websites, magazines, newspapersBlogs

Websites

Magazines

Newspapers

Jamison, Dean T. et al. (2013) Infectious disease, injury, and reproductive health, in Bjørn Lomborg (ed.) Global Problems, Smart Solutions: Costs and Benefits, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 390–438.

Parfit, Derek (1987) Divided minds and the nature of persons, in Colin Blakemore & Susan Greenfield (eds.) Mindwaves: Thoughts on Intelligence, Identity and Consciousness, Oxford: B. Blackwell, pp. 19–28.

Crispin, Natalie, Teryn Maddox & Tom Adamczewski (2020) A conversation with Dr. James Tibenderana, Helen Counihan, Maddy Marasciulo and Dr. Arantxa Roca, GiveWell, May 11.

Koehler, Arden, Robert Wiblin & Keiran Harris (2020) Hilary Greaves on Pascal’s mugging, strong longtermism, and whether existing can be good for us, 80,000 Hours, October 21.

Conversations

Crispin, Natalie, Teryn Maddox & Tom Adamczewski (2020) A conversation with Dr. James Tibenderana, Helen Counihan, Maddy Marasciulo and Dr. Arantxa Roca, GiveWell, May 11.

• Organization of articles
  • Titles
  • Sections
  • Section headings
• Tone
• Varieties of English
• Abbreviations
• Emphasis markers
• Quotations
• Punctuation
• Dates and time
  • Dates
  • Time
• Numbers
• Currencies
• Units of measurement
• Mathematical symbols
• Vocabulary
• Links
  • Internal links
  • External links
• Related entries
• Citations
  • Inline citations
  • Bibliography
    • Books, anthologies, theses
    • Papers
    • Websites, magazines, newspapers
    • Book chapters
    • Working papers
    • Reports
    • Interviews
    • Videos
    • Post comments
  • Notes

Working papers

Wilkinson, Hayden (2020) In defence of fanaticism, GPI working paper no. 4-2020, Global Priorities Institute, University of Oxford.

Reports

Sandberg, A. & Nick Bostrom (2008) Global catastrophic risks survey, technical report no. 2008-1, Future of Humanity Institute, University of Oxford.