Looking ahead, Western countries with aging populations will enter a phase characterized by reduced work and increased spending. This global trend, combined with longer lifespans, will create an unfavorable ratio of workers to consumers over time. As a result, significant inflationary pressure is anticipated, contrasting with the past 30-40 years.

However, the accumulation of debt during the period of low interest rates will exert substantial pressure on Governments and dependent central banks to maintain low interest rates in the short to medium term. Nevertheless, in the long run, market forces will drive interest rates considerably higher compared to the average of the past few decades.